Assessment of role of cranial ultrasound (CUS) in the evaluation of high-risk preterm and term neonates

Abstract

Abstract Background Cranial ultrasonography (CUS) has become an important tool to depict normal brain anatomy and to detect the ischemic and hemorrhagic brain injury patterns in high-risk neonates. The present study aimed to assess the utility of CUS to diagnose the spectrum of brain injury patterns in high-risk preterm and term neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and to find the association of CUS findings in various adverse antenatal and perinatal feto-maternal factors. Results Out of the 200 neonates, 76 (38%) neonates had abnormal CUS findings and 124 (62%) had a normal CUS. Germinal matrix hemorrhage-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) (28/76; 36.8 %) was the commonest abnormality with GMH (grade 1) in 14/76 (18.4%), grade 2 in 7 (9.2%), grade 3 in 5 (6.5%), and grade 4 in 2 (2.63%). The other findings observed were cerebral edema (14/76; 18.4%), thalamic hyperechogenicity (10/76; 13.1%), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) (4/76; 5.2%), and congenital anomalies (8; 10.5%). Abnormal CUS findings had a statistically significant association with birth weight <2000 g, prematurity, Apgar score <7, and adverse peri-natal fetal and maternal factors (all p-values <0.05). Abnormal CUS findings had a statistically significant association with poor cry, poor activity, abnormal tone, and presence of cyanosis (all p-values <0.05). Conclusion In this cohort study of high-risk preterm and term infants GMH-IVH, cerebral edema, thalamic hyperechogenicity, PVL, and congenital malformations were the commonest lesions detected on CUS. Abnormal CUS findings were found to have a statistically significant association with various adverse peri-natal fetal and maternal factors.

Keywords

• CUS
• High-risk neonate
• Preterm neonate
• GMH-IVH
• Intraventricular hemorrhage
• PVL