Diversity and distribution of nitrifying bacteria play an important role in the nitrogen cycle in mangrove sediments

Abstract

The unique positioning of mangrove ecosystems between land and sea makes them vital in the nitrogen cycle. The role of nitrification in the nitrogen cycle is important to provide nitrogen compounds readily absorbed by mangrove plants. Nevertheless, the nitrification process and nitrifying bacteria in mangrove areas have yet to be comprehensively understood. The primary objective of this study is to provide comprehensive analysis of nitrifying bacteria in mangrove sediments by conducting a systematic review. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method is used as a guide to help report reviews systematically and has a flow chart to show the process of selecting relevant studies. Data collection was carried out by utilizing 6 databases and journal search engines including Scopus, PubMed, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and Springer in order to achieve more comprehensive findings. This study employed the widely recognized and commonly used technique of defining the review's scope in a focused manner by first identifying the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome. This study identified 358 studies, and 31 studies were included in the review after screening. Based on the screening results, research on nitrifying bacteria in mangrove sediments is geographically limited to several countries such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, China, Mexico, the United States, India, and Saudi Arabia. This study vealed that there is a high level of diversity among nitrifying bacteria in mangrove sediment, with five distinct groups identified: ammonia oxidizing bacteria, nitrite oxidizing bacteria, anammox bacteria, and comammox bacteria, a recently identified group. In carrying out changes in nitrogen compounds, nitrifying bacteria use functional genes from different steps of the nitrification process, such as nitrogenase, ammonia monooxygenase subunit A, nitrite oxidoreductase alpha subunit, nitrate reductase alpha chain, nitrite reductase, nitric oxide reductase, nitrous oxide reductase, hydrazine synthase, hydrazine oxidoreductase and hydroxylamine oxidoreductase genes. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were the predominant group in general, but various nitrifying bacteria groups were distributed diversely across different mangrove environments. This study also indicated the vegetation type and the distribution of nitrifying bacteria in mangrove sediments. The depth of these sediments typically varies from 0 to 60 centimeters, with most samples taken at a depth of 0 to 20 centimeters. The type of vegetation at the sampling location is dominated by species of Kandelia candel, Avicennia marina, Kandelia obovata, and Rhizophora mangle. Limitations regarding research on nitrifying bacteria in mangrove sediments provide opportunities for in-depth study. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth overview of the variety and spread of nitrifying bacteria, highlighting their role in nitrogen cycling and emphasizing the potential for discovering new nitrifying bacteria in mangrove sediments.

Keywords

• ammonium
• mangrove ecosystems
• nitrate
• nitrification
• nitrifying bacteria