Energy Management of Hydrogen Hybrid Electric Vehicles—Online-Capable Control

Abstract

The results shown in this paper extend our research group’s previous work, which presents the theoretically achievable hydrogen engine-out NO​xeo (H​2-NO​xeo) Pareto front of a hydrogen hybrid electric vehicle (H​2-HEV). While the Pareto front is calculated offline, which requires significant computing power and time, this work presents an online-capable algorithm to tackle the energy management of a H​2-HEV with explicit consideration of the H​2-NO​xeo trade-off. Through the inclusion of realistic predictive data on the upcoming driving mission, a model predictive control algorithm (MPC) is utilized to effectively tackle the conflicting goal of achieving low hydrogen consumption while simultaneously minimizing NO​xeo. In a case study, it is shown that MPC is able to satisfy user-defined NO​xeo limits over the course of various driving missions. Moreover, a comparison with the optimal Pareto front highlights MPC’s ability to achieve close-to-optimal fuel performance for any desired cumulated NO​xeo target on four realistic routes for passenger cars.

Keywords

• hydrogen internal combustion engine
• hybrid electric vehicles
• ​ x eo trade-off%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%7D%7D%7D"> H₂-NO<named-content content-type="inline-formula"><inline-formula> <mml:math id="mm10001"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mtext>​</mml:mtext> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>eo</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula></named-content> trade-off
• ​ x eo %22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%7D%7D%7D"> extremely low NO<named-content content-type="inline-formula"><inline-formula> <mml:math id="mm10101"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mtext>​</mml:mtext> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>eo</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula></named-content>
• energy management