An investigation of heavy metals in edible bird's nest from Indonesia using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Abstract

Background and Aim: In 2020, Indonesia, which has the highest global production of edible bird's nest (EBNs), exported up to 1312.5 tons of this product at a value of USD 540.4 million. Recently, food safety aspects related to EBNs, including contamination with heavy metals, have become a serious concern. However, data on the presence and concentration of heavy metals in EBNs in Indonesia are not yet available. This study aimed to determine and compare the presence and concentrations of arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and tin (Sn) in EBNs originating from several primary Indonesian islands. The study also analyzed the effect of washing on the heavy metal content in EBNs. Materials and Methods: A study on 44 swiftlet farmhouses (SFHs) was conducted to determine the concentrations of heavy metals in EBNs. The number of samples from the SFHs was allocated proportionally to the main EBN-producing islands in Indonesia, that is, Kalimantan, Sumatera, Sulawesi, and Java (22, 13, 7, and 2, respectively). The concentrations of the above five elements in the samples before washing (raw–unclean EBNs) and after washing (raw–clean EBNs) were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Washing was conducted according to the general procedures at an EBN processing plant. Results: The raw–unclean EBNs from the four islands contained As, Pb, Cd, and Sn at varying concentrations. However, Hg was not detected in the raw–unclean EBN samples from Sulawesi. The raw–unclean EBNs from Kalimantan had lower concentrations of Pb and Cd compared with the other islands. The concentrations of As, Pb, Cd, and Sn in the EBNs decreased significantly after washing with clean water. Conclusion: Heavy metals (As, Hg, Pb, Cd, and Sn) were detected at a low level in most of the raw–unclean EBNs originating from the main Indonesian island where they were produced. The concentrations of all the heavy metals reviewed in the raw–unclean EBNs samples decreased significantly after washing.

Keywords

• edible bird nests
• heavy metal
• swiftlet farmhouse
• washing