An In Vitro Study of Saffron Carotenoids: The Effect of Crocin Extracts and Dimethylcrocetin on Cancer Cell Lines
Kyriaki Hatziagapiou,
Olti Nikola,
Sofia Marka,
Eleni Koniari,
Eleni Kakouri,
Maria-Eleftheria Zografaki,
Sophie S. Mavrikou,
Charalabos Kanakis,
Emmanouil Flemetakis,
George P. Chrousos,
Spyridon Kintzios,
George I. Lambrou,
Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein,
Petros A. Tarantilis
Affiliations
Kyriaki Hatziagapiou
Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece
Olti Nikola
Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece
Sofia Marka
Laboratory of Cell Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, EU-CONEXUS European University, 11855 Athens, Greece
Eleni Koniari
University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece
Eleni Kakouri
Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, School of Food Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, EU-CONEXUS European University, 11855 Athens, Greece
Maria-Eleftheria Zografaki
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, EU-CONEXUS European University, 11855 Athens, Greece
Sophie S. Mavrikou
Laboratory of Cell Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, EU-CONEXUS European University, 11855 Athens, Greece
Charalabos Kanakis
Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, School of Food Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, EU-CONEXUS European University, 11855 Athens, Greece
Emmanouil Flemetakis
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, EU-CONEXUS European University, 11855 Athens, Greece
George P. Chrousos
University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece
Spyridon Kintzios
Laboratory of Cell Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, EU-CONEXUS European University, 11855 Athens, Greece
George I. Lambrou
Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece
Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein
Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece
Petros A. Tarantilis
Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, School of Food Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, EU-CONEXUS European University, 11855 Athens, Greece
Crocus sativus L. has various pharmacological properties, known for over 3600 years. These properties are attributed mainly to biologically active substances, which belong to the terpenoid group and include crocins, picrocrocin and safranal. The aim of the current work was to examine the effects of crocins (CRCs) and their methyl ester derivate dimethylcrocetin (DMCRT) on glioblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines, in terms of cytotoxicity and gene expression, implicated in proapoptotic and cell survival pathways. Cell cytotoxicity was assessed with Alamar Blue fluorescence assay after treatment with saffron carotenoids for 24, 48 and 72 h and concentrations ranging from 22.85 to 0.18 mg/mL for CRCs and 11.43 to 0.09 mg/mL for DMCRT. In addition, BAX, BID, BCL2, MYCN, SOD1, and GSTM1 gene expression was studied by qRT-PCR analysis. Both compounds demonstrated cytotoxic effects against glioblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. They induced apoptosis, via BAX and BID upregulation, MYCN and BCL-2, SOD1, GSTM1 downregulation. The current research denotes the possible anticancer properties of saffron carotenoids, which are considered safe phytochemicals, already tested in clinical trials for their health promoting properties.
