Optimizing the number, locations, and chlorine dosages of booster chlorination stations in water distribution networks

Abstract

Safe and reliable drinking water is essential for sustaining life. Chlorination is widely used for disinfection in water distribution networks (WDNs). A higher dose of chlorine is required in an overhead service reservoir to maintain minimum residual chlorine at the farthest end in WDNs. However, delivering high dosages of chlorine from storage tanks can pose public health issues, especially for the residents living near overhead service reservoirs due to the formation of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and chlorophenols. In addition, a higher dosage will lead to increased chlorine consumption and will accelerate pipe corrosion. Booster chlorination (BC) stations with smaller dosages are a solution to this problem. However, identifying the optimal number, locations, and dosage of each BC station in a cost-effective manner is challenging. This study proposes a methodology for determining the optimal number, locations, and chlorine dosages of BC stations in WDNs using a mixed integer linear programming problem. The methodology is illustrated through a simplified WDN in Holeta town, Ethiopia. The results indicate that if one adds two BC stations beyond the three dosage stations at the source, it will lead to a 49% reduction in chlorine use and a 27% decrease in the life cycle cost. HIGHLIGHTS To propose a methodology for identifying the optimal number, locations, and chlorine dosage at various BC stations in a water distribution network (WDN).; Trade-offs between the chlorine mass dosage required and the life cycle cost for different numbers of BC stations are evaluated.; To illustrate the proposed methodology through a real-type WDN of Holeta town in Ethiopia to ensure safe drinking water for the residents.;

Keywords

• booster chlorination stations
• chlorine dosages
• free residual chlorine
• life cycle cost
• water distribution networks