Probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles alleviate AFB1-induced intestinal injury by modulating the gut microbiota and AHR activation

Abstract

Abstract Background Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin that widely found in the environment and mouldy foods. AFB1 initially targets the intestine, and AFB1-induced intestinal injury cannot be ignored. Lactobacillus amylovorus (LA), a predominant species of Lactobacillus, plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), small lipid membrane vesicles, are widely involved in diverse cellular processes. However, the mechanism by which Lactobacillus amylovorus-QC1H-derived EVs (LA.EVs) protect against AFB1-induced intestinal injury remains unclear. Results In our study, a new strain named Lactobacillus amylovorus-QC1H (LA-QC1H) was isolated from pig faeces. Then, EVs derived from LA-QC1H were extracted via ultracentrifugation. Our results showed that LA.EVs significantly alleviated AFB1-induced intestinal injury by inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines, decreasing intestinal permeability and increasing the expression of tight junction proteins. Moreover, 16 S rRNA analysis revealed that LA.EVs modulated AFB1-induced gut dysbiosis in mice. However, LA.EVs did not exert beneficial effects in antibiotic-treated mice. LA.EVs treatment increased intestinal levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and activated intestinal aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)/interleukin-22 (IL-22) signalling in AFB1-exposed mice. Inhibition of intestinal AHR signalling markedly weakened the protective effect of LA.EVs in AFB1-exposed mice. Conclusions LA.EVs alleviated AFB1-induced intestinal injury by modulating the gut microbiota, activating the intestinal AHR/IL-22 signalling, reducing the inflammatory response and promoting intestinal barrier repair in mice.

Keywords

• Aflatoxin B1
• Lactobacillus amylovorus
• Extracellular vesicles
• Gut microbiota
• Aryl hydrocarbon receptor