Patterns of identity: Lip prints, tongue prints and mandibular canine width as markers for gender determination—A cross-sectional study

Abstract

Introduction Forensic odontology plays a pivotal role in identifying individuals in legal contexts. This study analyses the efficacy of lip prints, tongue prints and mandibular canine width in determining gender, aiming to contribute to the evolving field of forensic dentistry. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 100 participants, analysing lip prints based on Tsuchihashi’s classification, recording tongue shapes and features through the use of alginate impressions and measuring mandibular canine width using a vernier calliper. The findings were reported in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist. Results In lip prints, Tsuchihashi’s Type I lip print was predominantly found in females, whereas Tsuchihashi’s Type III prevailed in males. Tongue shapes revealed a predominance of pentagonal shapes in males and ovoid shapes in females. The lingual apex was blunt in males and sharp in females. Mandibular canine width was higher in males than females on both the left and right sides. Conclusion The findings of this study support the use of lip prints, tongue prints and canine width in determining gender as ancillary and supporting methods.

Keywords

• canine width
• forensic odontology
• gender estimation
• lip prints
• tongue prints