Source Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessments of Heavy Metals from the Soils of Riruwai Mining Area, North-Western Nigeria

Abstract

Mining is an important global economic driver, contributing to human civilization’s advancement and foreign exchangerevenues. However, it causes significant environmental contamination, particularly in developing nations with inadequatewaste management and ineffective mining legislation. In the present study, the source distribution and ecological risk ofheavy metals (HMs) from the soils of the mining area around Riruwai town, northern Nigeria, were assessed. Soil sampleswere obtained from active and abandoned mining sites, farmlands, and control sites and were analyzed for physicochemicalcharacteristics and HM contents. The measured concentrations of HMs were used to evaluate the source distribution andecological risks. The study’s findings indicated that, with the exception of Mn, Hg, and Ni, all HM concentrations wereabove threshold levels in all sample locations aside from the control sites. The results of the correlation analysis showedthat there was a significant correlation between the HMs, indicating that they came from comparable origins. Principalcomponent analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis results indicated that As, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Zn might originate from similaranthropogenic sources, possibly mining activities, while Cd, Mn, and Pb might come from natural sources (parent material).Results of an ecological risk assessment revealed that the soils from active and abandoned mining sites were severely pollutedby HMs. The degree of pollution has begun to extend onto farmland, signifying a critical need for adequate HM pollutioncontrol in the study area.

Keywords

• ecological risk assessmet
• heavy metals
• mining activities
• riruwai mining area
• source distribution