The burden, correlates and outcomes of left ventricular hypertrophy among young Africans with first ever stroke in Tanzania

Abstract

Abstract Background Left ventricular hypertrophy is a pathophysiological response often due to chronic uncontrolled hypertension. Our primary aim was to investigate the magnitude, correlates and outcomes of left ventricular hypertrophy as a surrogate maker for chronic uncontrolled hypertension in young adults ≤ 45 years with stroke. Our secondary aim was to determine the accuracy of electrocardiography using Sokolow-Lyon and Cornell criteria in detecting left ventricular hypertrophy compared to echocardiography. Methods This cohort study recruited young strokes who had undergone brain imaging, electrocardiography and transthoracic echocardiography at baseline. The modified Poisson regression model examined baseline correlates for left ventricular hypertrophy. The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale assessed stroke severity and the modified Rankin Scale assessed outcomes to 30-days. Performance of electrical voltage criterions was estimated using receiver operator characteristics. Results We enrolled 101 stroke participants. Brain imaging revealed ischemic strokes in 60 (59.4%) and those with intracerebral hemorrhage, 33 (86.8%) were localized to the basal ganglia. Left ventricular hypertrophy was present in 76 (75.3%:95%CI 65.7%–83.3%), and 30 (39.5%) and 28 (36.8%) had moderate or severe hypertrophy respectively. Young adults with premorbid or a new diagnosis of hypertension were more likely to have left ventricular hypertrophy, 47 (61.8%), and 26 (34.2%). On multivariable analysis, left ventricular hypertrophy was independently associated with not being on anti-hypertensive medications among hypertensives participants {adjusted risk ratio 1.4 (95%CI:1.04–1.94). The mean National Institute of Health Stroke score was 18 and 30-day mortality was 42 (43.3%). The sensitivity and specificity for Sokolow-Lyon in detecting left ventricular hypertrophy was 27% and 78%, and for Cornell was 32% and 52% respectively. Conclusions We identified a high proportion of left ventricular hypertrophy in young adults with stroke associated with chronic undertreated hypertension. While the study methodology does not allow us to determine causation, this association and knowledge of pathophysiological processes supports the notion that chronic hypertension is a major risk factor for young strokes associated with high mortality. Our findings did not support the use of the electrical voltage criteria for detecting left ventricular hypertrophy. We recommend low cost interventions like blood pressure screening and treatment to reduce this burden.

Keywords

• Left ventricular hypertrophy
• Young adults
• Hypertension
• Echocardiography
• Electrocardiography