Telemedicine in pulmonary rehabilitation – benefits of a telerehabilitation program in post-COVID-19 patients: a controlled quasi-experimental study

Abstract

Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic has challenged healthcare systems worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the results of a Respiratory Telerehabilitation Program implemented to patients post-COVID-19 in postacute phase of mild to critical course of COVID-19 who had persistent respiratory symptoms and had not received any vaccination. The intervention was performed during confinement. Methods: A quasi-experimental nonrandomized study was conducted in Spain during confinement. Respiratory Telerehabilitation Program was guided by a specialized physical therapist through a web platform (Zoom by Zoom Video Communications, San Jose, CA, USA). Participants were recruited through social webs. Outcome measures included respiratory rate, heart rate, percutaneous oxygen saturation, Mahler’s Dyspnea Index, anxiety status, and quality of life [EuroQol 5 Dimension 5 (EQ-5D)]. Results: A total number of 148 participants were recruited, with a final number of 100 participants completing the protocol (50 experimental group (EG)/50 control group (CG)). A total of 500 telerehabilitation sessions were performed for this study. In the EG, pre–post intervention comparative analysis showed significative changes in Mahler’s functional dyspnea ( p < 0.001), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ( p < 0.001), oxygen saturation ( p < 0.001), heart rate ( p < 0.001), quality-of-life questionnaire ( p < 0.001), and respiratory rate ( p < 0.001). Participants in the CG showed an improvement in all the variables, but the differences were not statistically significant except in Mahler’s functional dyspnea ( p = 0.001) and in the quality-of-life questionnaire ( p = 0.043). Percentage changes in pre–post intervention were calculated and compared between EG and CG. There were statistically significative differences in all the outcomes in favor of the EG. Conclusion: The implementation of a pulmonary telerehabilitation program for COVID-19 not vaccinated survivors in postacute phase with mild to critical course of COVID-19 with respiratory sequelae has proven its benefits in cardiorespiratory variables and dyspnea-related anxiety.