Nutrients (May 2023)
Trends in Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Spanish Children and Adolescents across Two Decades
- Estefanía Herrera-Ramos,
- Laura Tomaino,
- Almudena Sánchez-Villegas,
- Lourdes Ribas-Barba,
- Santiago F. Gómez,
- Julia Wärnberg,
- Maddi Osés,
- Marcela González-Gross,
- Narcis Gusi,
- Susana Aznar,
- Elena Marín-Cascales,
- Miguel Ángel González-Valeiro,
- Nicolás Terrados,
- Josep A. Tur,
- Marta Segú,
- Montserrat Fitó,
- Clara Homs,
- Juan Carlos Benavente-Marín,
- Idoia Labayen,
- Augusto G. Zapico,
- Jesús Sánchez-Gómez,
- Fabio Jiménez-Zazo,
- Pedro Emilio Alcaraz-Ramón,
- Marta Sevilla-Sanchez,
- Susana Pulgar-Muñoz,
- Cristina Bouzas,
- Clara Sistac-Sorigué,
- Helmut Schröder,
- Lluis Serra-Majem
Affiliations
- Estefanía Herrera-Ramos
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Laura Tomaino
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Almudena Sánchez-Villegas
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Lourdes Ribas-Barba
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Santiago F. Gómez
- Gasol Foundation, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
- Julia Wärnberg
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Maddi Osés
- IS-FOOD—Institute for Sustainability & Food Chain Innovation, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IDISNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Marcela González-Gross
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Narcis Gusi
- Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group (AFYCAV), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Susana Aznar
- PAFS Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha-Toledo Campus, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- Elena Marín-Cascales
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
- Miguel Ángel González-Valeiro
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Universida de da Coruña, 15001 A Coruña, Spain
- Nicolás Terrados
- Regional Unit of Sports Medicine-Municipal Sports Foundation of Avilés, 33402 Avilés, Spain
- Josep A. Tur
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Marta Segú
- Probitas Foundation, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
- Montserrat Fitó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Clara Homs
- Gasol Foundation, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
- Juan Carlos Benavente-Marín
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Idoia Labayen
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Augusto G. Zapico
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Jesús Sánchez-Gómez
- Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group (AFYCAV), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Fabio Jiménez-Zazo
- PAFS Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha-Toledo Campus, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- Pedro Emilio Alcaraz-Ramón
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
- Marta Sevilla-Sanchez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Universida de da Coruña, 15001 A Coruña, Spain
- Susana Pulgar-Muñoz
- Regional Unit of Sports Medicine-Municipal Sports Foundation of Avilés, 33402 Avilés, Spain
- Cristina Bouzas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Clara Sistac-Sorigué
- Probitas Foundation, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
- Helmut Schröder
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Lluis Serra-Majem
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102348
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 15,
no. 10
p. 2348
Abstract
Unhealthy dietary habits determined during childhood may represent a risk factor to many of the chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. Mediterranean Diet (MD) adherence in children and adolescents (8–16 years) living in Spain was investigated using the KIDMED questionnaire in a comparative analysis of two cross-sectional nationwide representative studies: enKid (1998–2000, n = 1001) and PASOS (2019–2020, n = 3540). Taking into account the educational level of pupils, as well as the characteristics of the place of living, a significant association was found between a KIDMED score ≥ 8 (optimal MD adherence) and primary education as well as residency in an area of p p < 0.001), due to less consumption of fish (20.3% reduction), pulse (19.4% reduction), and fruits (14.9% reduction), and an increased intake of commercial goods/pastries or fast-food intake (both 19.4% increase). The lowest adherence was recorded for adolescents also in the most recent study, where 10.9% of them presented a KIDMED score ≤ 3. This study shows that eating habits are deteriorating among Spanish children and adolescents. Such findings point out the urgency of undertaking strong measures to promote the consumption of healthy, sustainable, and non-ultra-processed food, such as those available in an MD, not only at a scientific and academic level, but also at a governmental one.
Keywords