Hierarchical Evasive Path Planning Using Reinforcement Learning and Model Predictive Control

Abstract

Motion planning plays an essential role in designing self-driving functions for connected and autonomous vehicles. The methods need to provide a feasible trajectory for the vehicle to follow, fulfilling different requirements, such as safety, efficiency, and passenger comfort. In this area, algorithms must also meet strict real-time expectations, since, especially in an emergency, the decision time is limited, which raises a trade-off for the feasibility requirements. This article proposes a hierarchical path planning solution for evasive maneuvering, where a Twin Delayed DDPG reinforcement learning agent generates the parameters of a geometric path consisting of chlotoids and straight sections, and an underlying model predictive control loop fulfills the trajectory following tasks. The method is applied to the automotive double lane-change test, a common emergency situation, comparing its results with human drivers' performance using a dynamic simulation environment. Besides the test's standardized parameters, a broader range of topological layouts is chosen, both for the training and performance evaluation. The results show that the proposed method highly outperforms human drivers, especially in challenging situations, while meeting the computational requirements, as the pre-trained neural network and path generation algorithm can provide a solution in an instant, based on the experience gained during the training process.

Keywords

• Vehicle dynamics
• advanced driver assistance systems
• machine learning
• artificial neural networks
• reinforcement learning