Photovoltaic–electric vehicles participating in bidding model of power grid that considers carbon emissions

Abstract

The synergy of clean energy and electric vehicles (EVs) is highly relevant in achieving low-carbon development. To promote the coordinated development of EVs and photovoltaics (PV) under the background of open power selling, a PV–EV bidding model that considers carbon emissions based on the distributed storage and smart contract technology of a blockchain is proposed in this study. This model aims to provide economic benefits to market players, ensure the safety and environmental protection of power grid operations, and integrate the ladder-type carbon emission trading mechanism. Then, it divides the electricity market into the electricity sales layer, i.e., active distribution networks (ADNs) and PV systems, and the electricity purchase layer, i.e., EVs. Smart contracts are signed with the agent layer, i.e., charging stations. The improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve the price and power of PV systems and EVs in the optimal contract, and the revenue of PV systems and EVs can be increased by over 35%. Moreover, the orderly charging and discharging of EVs is coordinated with the characteristics of the daily power generation and evening load peaks of PV systems. The proposed model can effectively provide an optimal scheduling scheme for peak load shifting and valley filling while reducing the carbon emissions of ADNs. It also promotes the local consumption of PV.

Keywords

• Electric vehicles
• Photovoltaics
• Bidding model
• Carbon emission
• Smart contract