Recycling Construction and Demolition Waste in the Sector of Construction

Abstract

The increasing worldwide demand for concrete, fueled by rising urbanization and infrastructural expansion due to exponential population growth, has raised concerns over the depletion of natural resources, as global natural aggregate (NA) demand is estimated to surpass 50 billion tons by 2025. Concurrently, more than 3.57 billion tons of construction and demolition (C&D) waste are produced annually worldwide. Recycling of C&D waste plays a major role in addressing environmental concerns, promoting sustainable construction practices, and circular economy. Ineffective handling of C&D waste has led to environmental consequences, such as increased landfilling and leaching of harmful substances into soil and water systems. This article presents a comprehensive review of the use of C&D in construction with an emphasis on structural applications and the identification of challenges and opportunities for recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). This study examined the physical and mechanical performance of RCA, focusing on its compressive strength, durability, and potential applications in structural engineering and its treatment methods. In addition, it sheds light on key management areas for improvement, such as waste reduction strategies and recycling efficiency, while exploring the environmental benefits of incorporating C&D waste materials in construction projects.