The lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 is upregulated in metastatic triple-negative breast tumors and controls hypoxia-activated vasculogenic mimicry and angiogenesis

Abstract

Abstract Background Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is an alternative intratumoral microcirculation system that depends on the capacity of tumor cells to reorganize and grow in three-dimensional (3D) channel architectures like the capillaries formed by endothelial cells. Both VM and angiogenesis may coordinately function to feed cancer cells, allowing tumor growth. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate critical cellular functions in cancer cells, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. The lncRNA, known as actin filament-associated protein 1-antisense RNA 1 (AFAP1-AS1), has been described as an oncogene in diverse types of cancers. However, its role in VM and metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is unknown. Methods Reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‒qPCR) experiments were performed to evaluate the expression of 10 selected lncRNAs from literature in metastatic and nonmetastatic biopsies from TNBC patients. The expression of AFAP1-AS1 was analyzed in Genotype-Tissue Expression Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets. The AFAP1-AS1 expression was knocked in TNBC Hs578T cells by transfection of specific siRNAs. Channel-like formation assays were performed using 3D cultures over Matrigel in hypoxia-treated Hs578T cancer cells with diminished expression of AFAP1-AS1. The angiogenesis tests were conducted using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and AFAP1-AS1- silenced Hs578T cells on 3D cell cultures. The presence of VM (CD31-/PAS+) in tumor tissues from TNBC patients with and without metastasis was assessed through immunohistochemistry using endothelial marker CD31 antibodies and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. Results Compared with normal mammary tissues, AFAP1-AS1 expression was higher in breast cancer tissues. Moreover, AFAP1-AS1 expression was upregulated in the TNBC subtype compared to receptor-positive breast tumors. In addition, the expression of AFAP1-AS1 was correlated with the expression of the thirteen genes characteristic of a previously reported hypoxia signature. Interestingly, AFAP1-AS1 was upregulated in primary TNBC tumors from patients who developed metastasis compared with the nonmetastatic group. Functional analysis revealed that the knockdown of AFAP1-AS1 in Hs578T cells significantly impaired the hypoxia-induced VM, accompanied by a decrease in the development of 3D channel networks. Similarly, AFAP1-AS1 knockdown counteracts the angiogenic potential of cancer cells, as indicated by a reduction in the number of polygons, sprouting cells, and nodes in HUVEC cells. Remarkably, an increase in CD31-/PAS + staining of 3D channel networks in primary breast tumors from metastatic patients was found compared with the nonmetastatic group. Finally, we found that the number of blood vessels increased in the nonmetastatic group more than in the metastatic cohort. Conclusions Our data suggested that AFAP1-AS1 controls both VM and angiogenesis in Hs578T breast cancer cells and that increased metastasis is associated with VM in TNBC patients.

Keywords

• Breast cancer
• AFAP1-AS1
• Vasculogenic mimicry
• Angiogenesis
• Metastasis