Effects of bilateral anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the tongue primary motor cortex on cortical excitability of the tongue and tongue motor functions

• Hitoshi Maezawa,
• Carmelo Mario Vicario,
• Min-Fang Kuo,
• Masayuki Hirata,
• Tatsuya Mima,
• Michael A. Nitsche

Affiliations

Hitoshi Maezawa

Corresponding author. Department of Neurological Diagnosis and Restoration, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.; Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan; Department of Neurological Diagnosis and Restoration, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan

Carmelo Mario Vicario

Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Scienze Cognitive, Psycologiche, Pedagogiche e Degli Studi Culturali, University of Messina, 98121, Messina, ME, Italy

Min-Fang Kuo

Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany

Masayuki Hirata

Department of Neurological Diagnosis and Restoration, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan

Tatsuya Mima

Graduate School of Core Ethics and Frontier Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8577, Japan

Michael A. Nitsche

Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bürkle de La Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany