Bacterial Effectors and Their Functions in the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System: Insight from the Modes of Substrate Recognition
Minsoo Kim,
Ryota Otsubo,
Hanako Morikawa,
Akira Nishide,
Kenji Takagi,
Chihiro Sasakawa,
Tsunehiro Mizushima
Affiliations
Minsoo Kim
Division of Bacterial Infection Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai 4-6-1, Minato-ku 4-6-1, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
Ryota Otsubo
Division of Bacterial Infection Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai 4-6-1, Minato-ku 4-6-1, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
Hanako Morikawa
Division of Bacterial Infection Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai 4-6-1, Minato-ku 4-6-1, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
Akira Nishide
Picobiology Institute, Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
Kenji Takagi
Picobiology Institute, Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
Chihiro Sasakawa
Division of Bacterial Infection Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai 4-6-1, Minato-ku 4-6-1, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
Tsunehiro Mizushima
Picobiology Institute, Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
Protein ubiquitination plays indispensable roles in the regulation of cell homeostasis and pathogenesis of neoplastic, infectious, and neurodegenerative diseases. Given the importance of this modification, it is to be expected that several pathogenic bacteria have developed the ability to utilize the host ubiquitin system for their own benefit. Modulation of the host ubiquitin system by bacterial effector proteins inhibits innate immune responses and hijacks central signaling pathways. Bacterial effectors mimic enzymes of the host ubiquitin system, but may or may not be structurally similar to the mammalian enzymes. Other effectors bind and modify components of the host ubiquitin system, and some are themselves subject to ubiquitination. This review will describe recent findings, based on structural analyses, regarding how pathogens use post-translational modifications of proteins to establish an infection.
