Comparative Analysis of Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic Techniques for Optimizing Phishing Website Detection

Abstract

The increasing number, frequency, and sophistication of phishing website-based attacks necessitate the development of robust solutions for detecting phishing websites to enhance the overall security of cyberspace. Drawing inspiration from natural processes, nature-inspired metaheuristic techniques have been proven to be efficient in solving complex optimization problems in diverse domains. Following these successes, this research paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of metaheuristic techniques, particularly Genetic Algorithms (GAs), Differential Evolution (DE), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), in optimizing the hyperparameters of machine learning (ML) algorithms for detecting phishing websites. Using multiple datasets, six ensemble classifiers were trained on each dataset and their hyperparameters were optimized using each metaheuristic technique. As a baseline for assessing performance improvement, the classifiers were also trained with the default hyperparameters. To validate the genuine impact of the techniques over the use of default hyperparameters, we conducted statistical tests on the accuracy scores of all the optimized classifiers. The results show that the GA is the most effective technique, by improving the accuracy scores of all the classifiers, followed by DE, which improved four of the six classifiers. PSO was the least effective, improving only one classifier. It was also found that GA-optimized Gradient Boosting, LGBM and XGBoost were the best classifiers across all the metrics in predicting phishing websites, achieving peak accuracy scores of 98.98%, 99.24%, and 99.47%, respectively.

Keywords

• phishing website detection
• ensemble classifiers
• nature-inspired metaheuristic techniques
• genetic algorithm
• differential evolution
• particle swarm optimization