Authigenic Carbonate Burial Within the Late Devonian Western Canada Sedimentary Basin and Its Impact on the Global Carbon Cycle

Abstract

Abstract Stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C values) of marine carbonates are widely used to infer the relative burial rates of organic carbon, a source of oxygen to the ocean‐atmosphere system. This inference, however, is based on the assumption that ocean‐atmospheric carbon is buried either as organic carbon or as marine carbonate minerals. The burial of authigenic carbonate minerals formed within sediments after deposition, with low δ13C values (i.e., similar to organic carbon), has been proposed to explain high δ13C values in marine carbonates without the need for high burial fluxes of organic carbon. To test this hypothesis, we focus on the Late Devonian, a time period with both pervasive ocean anoxia and a severe reduction in shallow‐water carbonate deposition—conditions hypothesized to promote authigenic carbonate formation. We present sedimentological and geochemical data from limestones and black shales of the Wabamun Group, Besa River and Exshaw formations of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. These data are compared to inorganic and organic weight percent measurements of North American shales acquired from the USGS National Geochemical Database (N = 4,437). Results show that basinal shale lack authigenic carbonate with low δ13C values and that the mean δ13C value of carbonate in these shales (−0.3‰) do not differ substantially from mean δ13C of carbonates in platform carbonates of a similar age (0.6‰). Furthermore, inorganic carbon content in Late Devonian shales (mean weight percent = 0.55%, N = 54) is lower than average Phanerozoic North American shale (mean of 1.95%, N = 4,055). Lastly, organic carbon‐to‐inorganic carbon ratios (OC:IC) of North American shales are well above 1 (mean = 3.72 for Late Devonian shales (N = 374), 2.25 for shales (N = 3,653) of all other ages). Therefore, even if the burial of fine‐grained siliciclastic formations carrying authigenic carbonates were to increase, the concomitant increase in organic carbon burial would be even larger. Together, data from this study do not provide evidence that the burial of authigenic carbonate would have a significant effect on global carbon isotope mass balance.

Keywords

• authigenic carbonate
• Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
• Famennian
• long‐term global carbon cycle
• Late Devonian