Sustainable Synthesis of Cadmium Sulfide, with Applicability in Photocatalysis, Hydrogen Production, and as an Antibacterial Agent, Using Two Mechanochemical Protocols
Zhandos Shalabayev,
Matej Baláž,
Natalya Khan,
Yelmira Nurlan,
Adrian Augustyniak,
Nina Daneu,
Batukhan Tatykayev,
Erika Dutková,
Gairat Burashev,
Mariano Casas-Luna,
Róbert Džunda,
Radovan Bureš,
Ladislav Čelko,
Aleksandr Ilin,
Mukhambetkali Burkitbayev
Affiliations
Zhandos Shalabayev
General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
Matej Baláž
Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
Natalya Khan
General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
Yelmira Nurlan
General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
Adrian Augustyniak
Chair of Building Materials and Construction Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Nina Daneu
Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 01000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Batukhan Tatykayev
General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
Erika Dutková
Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
Gairat Burashev
General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
Mariano Casas-Luna
Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
Róbert Džunda
Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
Radovan Bureš
Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
Ladislav Čelko
Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
Aleksandr Ilin
Scientific Center for Anti-Infectious Drugs, Al-Farabi Ave. 75B, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
Mukhambetkali Burkitbayev
General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
CdS nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using cadmium acetate and sodium sulfide as Cd and S precursors, respectively. The effect of using sodium thiosulfate as an additional sulfur precursor was also investigated (combined milling). The samples were characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, UV-Vis spectroscopy, PL spectroscopy, DLS, and TEM. Photocatalytic activities of both CdS samples were compared. The photocatalytic activity of CdS, which is produced by combined milling, was superior to that of CdS, and was obtained by an acetate route in the degradation of Orange II under visible light irradiation. Better results for CdS prepared using a combined approach were also evidenced in photocatalytic experiments on hydrogen generation. The antibacterial potential of mechanochemically prepared CdS nanocrystals was also tested on reference strains of E. coli and S. aureus. Susceptibility tests included a 24-h toxicity test, a disk diffusion assay, and respiration monitoring. Bacterial growth was not completely inhibited by the presence of neither nanomaterial in the growth environment. However, the experiments have confirmed that the nanoparticles have some capability to inhibit bacterial growth during the logarithmic growth phase, with a more substantial effect coming from CdS nanoparticles prepared in the absence of sodium thiosulfate. The present research demonstrated the solvent-free, facile, and sustainable character of mechanochemical synthesis to produce semiconductor nanocrystals with multidisciplinary application.
