Frontiers in Immunology (Jul 2021)

High-Density Blood Transcriptomics Reveals Precision Immune Signatures of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Hospitalized Individuals

  • Jeremy W. Prokop,
  • Jeremy W. Prokop,
  • Nicholas L. Hartog,
  • Nicholas L. Hartog,
  • Dave Chesla,
  • Dave Chesla,
  • William Faber,
  • Chanise P. Love,
  • Rachid Karam,
  • Nelly Abualkheir,
  • Benjamin Feldmann,
  • Li Teng,
  • Tamara McBride,
  • Mara L. Leimanis,
  • Mara L. Leimanis,
  • B. Keith English,
  • Amanda Holsworth,
  • Austin Frisch,
  • Jacob Bauss,
  • Nathisha Kalpage,
  • Aram Derbedrossian,
  • Ryan M. Pinti,
  • Nicole Hale,
  • Joshua Mills,
  • Alexandra Eby,
  • Elizabeth A. VanSickle,
  • Spencer C. Pageau,
  • Rama Shankar,
  • Rama Shankar,
  • Bin Chen,
  • Bin Chen,
  • Joseph A. Carcillo,
  • Dominic Sanfilippo,
  • Dominic Sanfilippo,
  • Rosemary Olivero,
  • Rosemary Olivero,
  • Caleb P. Bupp,
  • Caleb P. Bupp,
  • Surender Rajasekaran,
  • Surender Rajasekaran,
  • Surender Rajasekaran

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.694243
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 12

Abstract

Read online

The immune response to COVID-19 infection is variable. How COVID-19 influences clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients needs to be understood through readily obtainable biological materials, such as blood. We hypothesized that a high-density analysis of host (and pathogen) blood RNA in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 would provide mechanistic insights into the heterogeneity of response amongst COVID-19 patients when combined with advanced multidimensional bioinformatics for RNA. We enrolled 36 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (11 died) and 15 controls, collecting 74 blood PAXgene RNA tubes at multiple timepoints, one early and in 23 patients after treatment with various therapies. Total RNAseq was performed at high-density, with >160 million paired-end, 150 base pair reads per sample, representing the most sequenced bases per sample for any publicly deposited blood PAXgene tube study. There are 770 genes significantly altered in the blood of COVID-19 patients associated with antiviral defense, mitotic cell cycle, type I interferon signaling, and severe viral infections. Immune genes activated include those associated with neutrophil mechanisms, secretory granules, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), along with decreased gene expression in lymphocytes and clonal expansion of the acquired immune response. Therapies such as convalescent serum and dexamethasone reduced many of the blood expression signatures of COVID-19. Severely ill or deceased patients are marked by various secondary infections, unique gene patterns, dysregulated innate response, and peripheral organ damage not otherwise found in the cohort. High-density transcriptomic data offers shared gene expression signatures, providing unique insights into the immune system and individualized signatures of patients that could be used to understand the patient’s clinical condition. Whole blood transcriptomics provides patient-level insights for immune activation, immune repertoire, and secondary infections that can further guide precision treatment.

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