Kinematic Determinants of the Swimming Push Start in Competitive Swimmers

Abstract

(1) Background: The aim of the present research is to describe the kinematic characteristics of push start in competitive swimmers and to examine the role of the push start sub-phases on the overall start performance. (2) Methods: Seventy-four swimmers (33 males and 41 females) of national and international level performed one 25 m trial at maximum velocity with a push start at butterfly, backstroke and/or front-crawl techniques and were filmed with two sequential underwater cameras during the glide, leg kicking, transition and surface swimming phases. (3) Results: Backstroke starts showed greater emersion distances but slower times to 10 m than the remaining strokes. Distances and average velocities in each of the start sub-phases predicted the overall push start performance (times to 10 m) on the butterfly (R2: 0.50) and backstroke (R2: 0.58) strokes, with the velocity of the leg kicking phase having a statistical effect on both regression analysis and the glide and transition phases in backstroke. (4) Conclusions: Push starts performed in a dorsal body position seemed to present kinematic differences with ventral techniques and a greater technical complexity with all glide, leg kicking and transition sub-phases meaningfully impacting the overall push start performance. This should be considered when executing the daily training repetitions with swimmers in water.

Keywords

• underwater swimming
• undulatory kicking
• glide
• swimming turn
• performance