Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Plasma of Patients with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease
Beatriz Arce-López,
Lydia Alvarez-Erviti,
Barbara De Santis,
María Izco,
Silvia López-Calvo,
Maria Eugenia Marzo-Sola,
Francesca Debegnach,
Elena Lizarraga,
Adela López de Cerain,
Elena González-Peñas,
Ariane Vettorazzi
Affiliations
Beatriz Arce-López
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
Lydia Alvarez-Erviti
Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006 Logroño, Spain
Barbara De Santis
National Reference Laboratory for Mycotoxins and Plant Toxins, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
María Izco
Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006 Logroño, Spain
Silvia López-Calvo
Servicio de Neurología, Hospital San Pedro, Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain
Maria Eugenia Marzo-Sola
Servicio de Neurología, Hospital San Pedro, Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain
Francesca Debegnach
National Reference Laboratory for Mycotoxins and Plant Toxins, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
Elena Lizarraga
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
Adela López de Cerain
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
Elena González-Peñas
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
Ariane Vettorazzi
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
Exposure to environmental contaminants might play an important role in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis, such as Parkinson´s disease (PD) and Alzheimer´s disease (AD). For the first time in Spain, the plasmatic levels of 19 mycotoxins from patients diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease (44 PD and 24 AD) and from their healthy companions (25) from La Rioja region were analyzed. The studied mycotoxins were aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1, T-2 and HT-2, ochratoxins A (OTA) and B (OTB), zearalenone, sterigmatocystin (STER), nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol and fusarenon-X. Samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS before and after treatment with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase in order to detect potential metabolites. Only OTA, OTB and STER were detected in the samples. OTA was present before (77% of the samples) and after (89%) the enzymatic treatment, while OTB was only detectable before (13%). Statistically significant differences in OTA between healthy companions and patients were observed but the observed differences might seem more related to gender (OTA levels higher in men, p-value = 0.0014) than the disease itself. STER appeared only after enzymatic treatment (88%). Statistical analysis on STER, showed distributions always different between healthy controls and patients (patients’ group > controls, p-value < 0.0001). Surprisingly, STER levels weakly correlated positively with age in women (rho = 0.3384), while OTA correlation showed a decrease of levels with age especially in the men with PD (rho = −0.4643).
