Frontiers in Immunology (Jun 2021)

Extracellular Vesicles in Immune System Regulation and Type 1 Diabetes: Cell-to-Cell Communication Mediators, Disease Biomarkers, and Promising Therapeutic Tools

  • Giuseppina Emanuela Grieco,
  • Giuseppina Emanuela Grieco,
  • Daniela Fignani,
  • Daniela Fignani,
  • Caterina Formichi,
  • Caterina Formichi,
  • Caterina Formichi,
  • Laura Nigi,
  • Laura Nigi,
  • Laura Nigi,
  • Giada Licata,
  • Giada Licata,
  • Carla Maccora,
  • Carla Maccora,
  • Carla Maccora,
  • Noemi Brusco,
  • Noemi Brusco,
  • Guido Sebastiani,
  • Guido Sebastiani,
  • Francesco Dotta,
  • Francesco Dotta,
  • Francesco Dotta,
  • Francesco Dotta

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.682948
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 12

Abstract

Read online

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated by cells of origin through complex molecular mechanisms and released into extracellular environment. Hence, the presence of EVs has been described in multiple biological fluids and in most cases their molecular cargo, which includes non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), messenger RNAs (mRNA), and proteins, has been reported to modulate distinct biological processes. EVs release and their molecular cargo have been demonstrated to be altered in multiple diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Notably, numerous evidence showed a relevant crosstalk between immune system and interacting cells through specific EVs release. The crosstalk between insulin-producing pancreatic β cells and immune system through EVs bidirectional trafficking has yet started to be deciphered, thus uncovering an intricate communication network underlying type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. EVs can also be found in blood plasma or serum. Indeed, the assessment of circulating EVs cargo has been shown as a promising advance in the detection of reliable biomarkers of disease progression. Of note, multiple studies showed several specific cargo alterations of EVs collected from plasma/serum of subjects affected by autoimmune diseases, including T1D subjects. In this review, we discuss the recent literature reporting evidence of EVs role in autoimmune diseases, specifically focusing on the bidirectional crosstalk between pancreatic β cells and immune system in T1D and highlight the relevant promising role of circulating EVs as disease biomarkers.

Keywords