Research Center for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Research Center for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Research Center for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Center for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
This study explores the potential of nanocellulose-based hydrogel for microalgae cell attachment. The hydrogel, composed of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), indicates feasibility in biomedical and cell culturing applications. It qualifies as an excellent substrate for 3D printing bioink utilizing the liquid deposition modelling technique. The growth of Chlorella vulgaris cells in Bold Basal Media (BBM) solution exhibits similar trends for both the standard culture and the culture media incorporating the CNF/CMC hydrogel. It was observed that the ionic-bond crosslinkers of H2SO4 and CaCl2 in hydrogel formation were more conducive to cell adhesion compared to using covalent-bond crosslinkers of epichlorohydrin. Microalgae cell attachment exhibited the increase of green hue on the hydrogel surfaces, which shows the potential of cell to grow in the presence of CNF/CMC hydrogel.
