Clinical profiles and related factors in tuberculosis patients with positive sputum smear mycobacterium tuberculosis tests

Abstract

Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the related factors linked to the development and infectivity of tuberculosis. This was achieved by comparing the clinical characteristics of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) who tested positive in smear Mycobacterium tuberculosis tests with this who tested negative in smear mycobacterium tests but positive in sputum Gene Xpert tests. We gathered clinical data of 1612 recently hospitalized patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis who tested positive either in sputum Gene-Xpert test or sputum smear Mycobacterium tuberculosis tests. The data was collected from January 1, 2018 to August 5, 2023, at Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital. We conducted separately analyzes and comparisons of the clinical characteristics between the two groups of patients, aiming to discussed the related factors influencing the development and infectivity of tuberculosis. In comparison to the GeneXpert positive group, the sputum smear positive group exhibited a higher proportion of elderly patients (aged 75–89) and individuals classified as underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2). Furthermore, this group was more prone to experiencing symptoms such as weight loss, coughing and sputum production, hemoptysis, shortness of breath, and difficulty breathing. Moreover, they are also more likely to develop extrapulmonary tuberculosis, such as tuberculous meningitis, tuberculous pleurisy, and tuberculous peritonitis. These clinical features, when present, not only increase the likelihood of a positive result in sputum smear tests but also suggest a high infectivity of pulmonary tuberculosis. Elderly individuals (aged 75 to 89) who are underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), display symptom of cough, expectoration, hemoptysis and dyspnea-particularly cough and expectoration-and those with extra pulmonary tuberculosis serve as indicators of highly infectious pulmonary tuberculosis patients. These patients may present with more severe condition, carrying a higher bacteria, and being more prone to bacterial elimination. Identification of these patients is crucial, and prompt actions such as timely and rapid isolation measures, cutting off transmission routes, and early empirical treatment of tuberculosis are essential to control the development of the disease.

Keywords

• Gene xpert
• Sputum smear positive
• Pulmonary tuberculosis
• Infectivity
• China