Pancreas–Liver–Adipose Axis: Target of Environmental Cadmium Exposure Linked to Metabolic Diseases
Diana Moroni-González,
Victor Enrique Sarmiento-Ortega,
Alfonso Diaz,
Eduardo Brambila,
Samuel Treviño
Affiliations
Diana Moroni-González
Laboratory of Chemical-Clinical Investigations, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry Science, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72560, Mexico
Victor Enrique Sarmiento-Ortega
Laboratory of Chemical-Clinical Investigations, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry Science, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72560, Mexico
Alfonso Diaz
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry Science, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, 22 South. FCQ9, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72560, Mexico
Eduardo Brambila
Laboratory of Chemical-Clinical Investigations, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry Science, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72560, Mexico
Samuel Treviño
Laboratory of Chemical-Clinical Investigations, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry Science, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72560, Mexico
Cadmium has been well recognized as a critical toxic agent in acute and chronic poisoning cases in occupational and nonoccupational settings and environmental exposure situations. Cadmium is released into the environment after natural and anthropogenic activities, particularly in contaminated and industrial areas, causing food pollution. In the body, cadmium has no biological activity, but it accumulates primarily in the liver and kidney, which are considered the main targets of its toxicity, through oxidative stress and inflammation. However, in the last few years, this metal has been linked to metabolic diseases. The pancreas–liver–adipose axis is largely affected by cadmium accumulation. Therefore, this review aims to collect bibliographic information that establishes the basis for understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms linked to cadmium with carbohydrate, lipids, and endocrine impairments that contribute to developing insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, and diabetes.
