Kinetic Modeling for Photo-Assisted Penicillin G Degradation of (Mn<sub>0.5</sub>Zn<sub>0.5</sub>)[Cd<i><sub>x</sub></i>Fe<sub>2-<i>x</i></sub>]O<sub>4</sub> (x ≤ 0.05) Nanospinel Ferrites
Omar Alagha,
Noureddine Ouerfelli,
Hafedh Kochkar,
Munirah A. Almessiere,
Yassine Slimani,
Ayyar Manikandan,
Abdulhadi Baykal,
Ahmed Mostafa,
Mukarram Zubair,
Mohammad H. Barghouthi
Affiliations
Omar Alagha
Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
Noureddine Ouerfelli
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
Hafedh Kochkar
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
Munirah A. Almessiere
Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
Yassine Slimani
Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
Ayyar Manikandan
Department of Chemistry, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Bharath University, Chennai 600073, India
Abdulhadi Baykal
Department of Nanomedicine Research, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
Ahmed Mostafa
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
Mukarram Zubair
Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
Mohammad H. Barghouthi
Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
Penicillin G is an old and widely used antibiotic. Its persistence in the environment started to appear in many environmental samples and food chains. The removal of these emerging pollutants has been a challenging task for scientists in the last decades. The photocatalytic properties of Cd2+ doped Manganese- Zinc NSFs with chemical formula (Mn0.5Zn0.5)[CdxFe2−x]O4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.05) NSFs are herein evaluated. The Manganese- Zinc N.S.F.s nanomaterials were deeply characterized, utilizing UV-Vis (reflectance) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption isotherm measurements, and S.E.M., SEM-EDX mapping, and T.E.M. The Kinetic model for the photodegradation of penicillin G (as a model molecule) is investigated using visible light as a source of energy. The kinetic study shows that our results fit well with the modified pseudo-first-order model. The Pen G degradation are 88.73%, 66.65%, 44.70%, 37.62% and 24.68% for x = 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1, respectively, against 14.68% for the free Cd spinel sample. The pseudo-rate constant is bandgap dependent. From the intra-diffusion rate constant (Kd), we developed an intra-diffusion time (τ) model, which decreases exponentially as a function of (x) and mainly shows the existence of three different domains versus cadmium coordination in spinel ferrite samples. Hence, Cadmium’s presence generates spontaneous polarization with a strong opportunity to monitor the charge separation and then open the route to a new generation of “assisted” photocatalysts under visible light.
