Harnessing Nanomedicine to Potentiate the Chemo-Immunotherapeutic Effects of Doxorubicin and Alendronate Co-Encapsulated in Pegylated Liposomes

Abstract

Encapsulation of Doxorubicin (Dox), a potent cytotoxic agent and immunogenic cell death inducer, in pegylated (Stealth) liposomes, is well known to have major pharmacologic advantages over treatment with free Dox. Reformulation of alendronate (Ald), a potent amino-bisphosphonate, by encapsulation in pegylated liposomes, results in significant immune modulatory effects through interaction with tumor-associated macrophages and activation of a subset of gamma-delta T lymphocytes. We present here recent findings of our research work with a formulation of Dox and Ald co-encapsulated in pegylated liposomes (PLAD) and discuss its pharmacological properties vis-à-vis free Dox and the current clinical formulation of pegylated liposomal Dox. PLAD is a robust formulation with high and reproducible remote loading of Dox and high stability in plasma. Results of biodistribution studies, imaging with radionuclide-labeled liposomes, and therapeutic studies as a single agent and in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors or gamma-delta T lymphocytes suggest that PLAD is a unique product with distinct tumor microenvironmental interactions and distinct pharmacologic properties when compared with free Dox and the clinical formulation of pegylated liposomal Dox. These results underscore the potential added value of PLAD for chemo-immunotherapy of cancer and the relevance of the co-encapsulation approach in nanomedicine.

Keywords

• liposome
• doxorubicin
• alendronate
• co-encapsulation
• chemotherapy
• immunotherapy