GC/MS Profiling, Antibacterial, Anti-Quorum Sensing, and Antibiofilm Properties of <i>Anethum graveolens</i> L. Essential Oil: Molecular Docking Study and In-Silico ADME Profiling
Emira Noumi,
Iqrar Ahmad,
Mohd Adnan,
Abderrahmen Merghni,
Harun Patel,
Najla Haddaji,
Nouha Bouali,
Khulood Fahad Alabbosh,
Siwar Ghannay,
Kaïss Aouadi,
Adel Kadri,
Flavio Polito,
Mejdi Snoussi,
Vincenzo De Feo
Affiliations
Emira Noumi
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2440, Hail 81451, Saudi Arabia
Iqrar Ahmad
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Prof. Ravindra Nikam College of Pharmacy, Gondur, Dhule 424002, Maharashtra, India
Mohd Adnan
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2440, Hail 81451, Saudi Arabia
Abderrahmen Merghni
Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance LR99ES09, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
Harun Patel
Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur 425405, Maharashtra, India
Najla Haddaji
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2440, Hail 81451, Saudi Arabia
Nouha Bouali
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2440, Hail 81451, Saudi Arabia
Khulood Fahad Alabbosh
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2440, Hail 81451, Saudi Arabia
Siwar Ghannay
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6688, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
Kaïss Aouadi
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6688, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
Adel Kadri
College of Science and Arts in Baljurashi, Al Baha University, P.O. Box 1988, Albaha 65527, Saudi Arabia
Flavio Polito
Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy
Mejdi Snoussi
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2440, Hail 81451, Saudi Arabia
Vincenzo De Feo
Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy
Anethum graveolens L. has been known as an aromatic, medicinal, and culinary herb since ancient times. The main purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-quorum sensing activities of the essential oil (EO) obtained by hydro-distillation of the aerial parts. Twelve components were identified, representing 92.55% of the analyzed essential oil. Limonene (48.05%), carvone (37.94%), cis-dihydrocarvone (3.5%), and trans-carvone (1.07%) were the main identified constituents. Results showed that the obtained EO was effective against eight bacterial strains at different degrees. Concerning the antibiofilm activity, limonene was more effective against biofilm formation than the essential oil when tested using sub-inhibitory concentrations. The results of anti-swarming activity tested against P. aeruginosa PAO1 revealed that A. graveolens induced more potent inhibitory effects in the swarming behavior of the PAO1 strain when compared to limonene, with a percentage reaching 33.33% at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. The ADME profiling of the identified phytocompounds confirms their important pharmacokinetic and drug-like properties. The in-silico study using molecular docking approaches reveals a high binding score between the identified compounds and known target enzymes involved in antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing (QS) activities. Overall, the obtained results highlight the possible use of A. graveolens EO to prevent food contamination with foodborne pathogenic bacteria.
