The role, relevance and management of immune exhaustion in bovine infectious diseases
Shalini Sharma,
Naveen Kumar,
Barry T. Rouse,
Khushbu Sharma,
Kundan Kumar Chaubey,
ShoorVir Singh,
Praveen Kumar,
Pradeep Kumar
Affiliations
Shalini Sharma
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India; Corresponding author.
Naveen Kumar
National Center for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-NRC on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
Barry T. Rouse
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0845, USA
Khushbu Sharma
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
Kundan Kumar Chaubey
Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Sanskriti University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281 401, India
ShoorVir Singh
Department of Bio-technology, GLA University, Post-Chaumuhan, Dist. Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281 406, India
Praveen Kumar
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
Pradeep Kumar
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
Immune exhaustion is a state of immune cell dysfunction that occurs most commonly following chronic exposure to an antigen which persists after the immune response fails to remove it. Exhaustion has been studied most thoroughly with several cancers, but has also been observed in several chronic infectious diseases. The topic has mainly been studied with CD8+ T cells, but it can also occur with CD4+ T cells and other immune cell types too. Exhaustion is characterized by a hierarchical loss of effector cell functions, up-regulation of immuno-inhibitory receptors, disruption of metabolic activities, and altered chromatin landscapes. Exhaustion has received minimal attention so far in diseases of veterinary significance and this review's purpose is to describe examples where immune exhaustion is occurring in several bovine disease situations. We also describe methodology to evaluate immune exhaustion as well as the prospects of controlling exhaustion and achieving a more suitable outcome of therapy in some chronic disease scenarios.
