Cell-Free Carbonic Anhydrase IX mRNA in Urine as Biomarker for Urogenital Cancers: The Relationship Between Urinary Extracellular RNA and Tumor-Cell-Associated RNA

Abstract

Circulating tumor cells and cell-free nucleic acids are novel diagnostic, prognostic and predictive tools for non-invasive and cost-effective cancer detection in liquid biopsy. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) has been proposed as a biomarker in urogenital tumors and urine sediment. Our aim was to evaluate CAIX full-length percentage (CAIX FL%) in urine-cell-free RNA (cfRNA) and its relationship with tumor-cell-associated RNA (TC-RNA). CAIX FL% was quantified by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in patients with prostate, kidney or bladder carcinoma. When cfRNA and TC-RNA were analyzed, CAIX FL% was significantly higher in urine samples from cancer patients than from controls. Using a 10% cutoff for CAIX FL%, specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values, as well as accuracy for TC-RNA were higher than for cfRNA in all urogenital cancers, but varied according to tumor type. CAIX FL% distribution in TC-RNA differed significantly (p < 0.001) between control and tumor samples (37.5% and 96.2%, respectively); similar results were obtained for each tumor type. Additionally, the 10% cutoff showed a 77.9% concordance between TC-RNA and cfRNA. In conclusion, urine is proposed as an alternative biofluid for investigating CAIX FL% in urogenital cancers, and this parameter can be reliably measured as cfRNA and TC-RNA with different predictive capabilities depending on tumor type.

Keywords

• urinary-cell-free mRNA
• urinary-tumor-cell-associated mRNA
• CAIX
• liquid biopsy
• biomarkers in urine