Sensors (Jun 2021)

A Pencil-Drawn Electronic Tongue for Environmental Applications

  • Dmitry Kirsanov,
  • Subhankar Mukherjee,
  • Souvik Pal,
  • Koustuv Ghosh,
  • Nabarun Bhattacharyya,
  • Rajib Bandyopadhyay,
  • Martin Jendrlin,
  • Aleksandar Radu,
  • Vladimir Zholobenko,
  • Monireh Dehabadi,
  • Andrey Legin

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134471
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 21, no. 13
p. 4471

Abstract

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We report on the development of a simple and cost-effective potentiometric sensor array that is based on manual “drawing” on the polymeric support with the pencils composed of graphite and different types of zeolites. The sensor array demonstrates distinct sensitivity towards a variety of inorganic ions in aqueous media. This multisensor system has been successfully applied to quantitative analysis of 100 real-life surface waters sampled in Mahananda and Hooghly rivers in the West Bengal state (India). Partial least squares regression has been utilized to relate responses of the sensors to the values of different water quality parameters. It has been found that the developed sensor array, or electronic tongue, is capable of quantifying total hardness, total alkalinity, and calcium content in the samples, with the mean relative errors below 18%.

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