Performance evaluation of vetiver and pampas plants in reducing the hazardous ions of treated municipal wastewater for agricultural irrigation water use

Abstract

Phytoremediation is one of the simple and cost-effective methods introduced in recent years as a solution for eliminating environmental pollution. This study aims to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of using vetiver grass and pampas grass plants in removing the main pollutants and improving the physical and chemical properties of the treated municipal wastewater, for use in agriculture and drip irrigation systems. This study was conducted in the form of a factorial experiment with two factors of plant type (vetiver grass and pampas grass) and residence time (in five levels: 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days) and in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that although both plant types had a high potential to reduce the undesirable properties of treated wastewater with a residence time of 15 days, pampas grass exhibited better performance in most of the studied characteristics. This plant, even with a residence time of 3 days, reduced the concentration of chloride, sodium, calcium, carbonate, and bicarbonate and also the sedimentation index by 58.82, 38.64, 40.03, 73.91, 45.44, and 88.16%, respectively. Moreover, pampas grass reduced the salinity and hardness of water by 48.84 and 23.32%, respectively, and the electrical conductivity and TDS by at least 18.32% in 3 days. According to the findings of this study, pampas grass is a better option than its competitor, vetiver grass, to reduce pollution in treated urban wastewater and improve wastewater quality for use in agriculture and drip irrigation systems. HIGHLIGHTS Determination the potential of vetiver and pampas grass for phytoremediation of hazardous ions in the wastewater for agricultural irrigation water use.; Pampas showed a significant reduction in chloride (73.33%), carbonate (86.96%), bicarbonate (72.73%), salinity (56.42%) and hardness (41.21%) concentration in treated wastewater.; Due to the adaptability of pampas to diverse climatic conditions and, moreover, its potential in refining unfavorable compounds in treated wastewater, it can be used for agriculture, especially drip irrigation systems.;

Keywords

• drip irrigation system
• pampas grass
• phytoremediation
• urban wastewater treatment
• vetiver grass