Intermediate-high risk pulmonary embolism: When teamwork really matters

Abstract

Pulmonary embolism is a common disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Existing validated risk stratification tools have enabled the rapid identification of patients with low versus high-risk pulmonary embolism. Intermediate-high risk pulmonary embolism is defined as pulmonary embolism with haemodynamic stability, evidence of right ventricular dysfunction and elevated cardiac biomarkers. The therapeutic management of intermediate-high risk pulmonary embolism in the acute setting is challenging as these patients are often unwell, but do not fulfil criteria for high-risk pulmonary embolism. Although current guidelines recommend prompt first-line treatment with systemic anticoagulation and monitoring for deterioration, alternative strategies are being increasingly considered in this cohort. These include systemic or catheter-directed thrombolysis, surgical embolectomy, and mechanical circulatory support. In this case series, we discuss three cases of intermediate-high risk pulmonary embolism with a focus on multidisciplinary decision making in clinical management. Following on from this, we provide a brief narrative review of the current literature and guidelines surrounding this topic, considering the risks and benefits of alternative therapy options on patient outcomes.

Keywords

• Intermediate-high risk
• Pulmonary embolism
• Systemic anticoagulation
• Thrombolysis
• Percutaneous catheter-directed treatment
• Surgical embolectomy