Synthesis and assessment of schwertmannite/few-layer graphene composite for the degradation of sulfamethazine in heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction

Abstract

Schwertmannite (sch), an iron oxyhydrosulfate mineral, can catalyse a Fenton-like reaction to degrade organic contaminants, but the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) on the surface of schwertmannite is a limiting step for the Fenton-like process. In the present study, the sch/few-layer graphene (sch–FLG) composite was synthesized to promote the catalytic activity of sch in a Fenton-like reaction. It was found that sch can be successfully carried by FLG in sch–FLG composite, mainly via the chemical bond of Fe–O–C on the surface of sch–FLG. The sch–FLG exhibited a much higher catalytic activity than sch or FLG for the degradation of sulfamethazine (SMT) in the heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction, which resulted from the fact that the FLG can pass electrons efficiently. The degradation efficiency of SMT was around 100% under the reaction conditions of H2O2 200–500 mg l−1, sch–FLG dosage 1–2 g l−1, temperature 28–38°C, and initial solution pH 1–9. During the repeated uses of sch–FLG in the Fenton-like reaction, it maintained a certain catalytic activity for the degradation of SMT and the mineral structure was not changed. In addition, SMT may be finally mineralized in the Fenton-like reaction catalysed by sch–FLG, and the possible degradation pathways were proposed. Therefore, the sch–FLG is an excellent catalyst for SMT degradation in a heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction.

Keywords

• catalytic activities
• schwertmannite
• few-layer graphene
• fenton-like reaction
• sulfamethazine