<sup>1</sup>H-NMR and LC-MS Based Metabolomics Analysis of Potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L.) Cultivars Irrigated with Fly Ash Treated Acid Mine Drainage
Maropeng V. Raletsena,
Samukelisiwe Mdlalose,
Olusola S. Bodede,
Hailemariam A. Assress,
Adugna A. Woldesemayat,
David M. Modise
Affiliations
Maropeng V. Raletsena
Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South Africa
Samukelisiwe Mdlalose
Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South Africa
Olusola S. Bodede
Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South Africa
Hailemariam A. Assress
Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
Adugna A. Woldesemayat
Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 16417, Ethiopia
David M. Modise
Food Security and Safety (FSS), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mahikeng 2735, South Africa
1H NMR and LC-MS, commonly used metabolomics analytical platforms, were used to annotate the metabolites found in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) irrigated with four different treatments based on FA to AMD ratios, namely: control (0% AMD; tap water), 1:1 (50% AMD), 3:1 (75% AMD is 75% FA: AMD), and 100% AMD (untreated). The effects of stress on plants were illustrated by the primary metabolite shifts in the region from δH 0.0 to δH 4.0 and secondary metabolites peaks were prominent in the region ranging from δH 4.5 to δH 8.0. The 1:3 irrigation treatment enabled, in two potato cultivars, the production of significantly high concentrations of secondary metabolites due to the 75% FA: AMD content in the irrigation mixture, which induced stress. The findings suggested that 1:1 irrigation treatment induced production of lower amounts of secondary metabolites in all crops compared to crops irrigated with untreated acid mine drainage treatment and with other FA-treated AMD solutions.
