Evaluation of Different Extraction Methods on the Phenolic Profile and the Antioxidant Potential of <i>Ceratonia siliqua</i> L. Pods Extracts
Fouad El Mansouri,
Joaquim C. G. Esteves Silva,
Francesco Cacciola,
Fadoua Asraoui,
Hatim Tayeq,
Yasmine Mttougui Ben Amar,
Miguel Palma Lovillo,
Noureddine Chouaibi,
Jamal Brigui
Affiliations
Fouad El Mansouri
Research Team: Materials, Environment and Sustainable Development (MEDD), Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tangier BP 416, Morocco
Joaquim C. G. Esteves Silva
Centro de Investigação em Química (CIQUP), Instituto de Ciências Moleculares (IMS), Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
Francesco Cacciola
Department of Biomedical Dental Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
Fadoua Asraoui
Laboratory of Applied Biology and Pathologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tetouan, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco
Research Team: Materials, Environment and Sustainable Development (MEDD), Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tangier BP 416, Morocco
Miguel Palma Lovillo
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentaria (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Campus del Rio San Pedro, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
Noureddine Chouaibi
Laboratory of LAMSE, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, Tangier BP 416, Morocco
Jamal Brigui
Research Team: Materials, Environment and Sustainable Development (MEDD), Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tangier BP 416, Morocco
The present work was designed to investigate the effects of different extraction processes, namely ultrasonic-assisted, supercritical fluid, microwave-assisted and Soxhlet applied to carob pods. The total phenolic quantification and the antioxidant activity were assessed by the means of rapid in vitro spectrophotometric assays; the phenolic profile was identified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The results revealed that the phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity varied significantly with the nature of the extraction process. The content of total phenolic compounds ranged from 11.55 to 34.38 mg GAE/g DW; the content of total flavonoids varied from 3.50 to 10.53 mg QE/g DW, and the content of condensed tannins fluctuated from 3.30 to 6.55 mg CE/ g DW. All extracts performed differently on antioxidant activity when determined by the DPPH assay producing a dose-dependent response, with IC50 extended from 11.33 to 6.07 µg/mL. HPLC analysis enabled the identification of nine compounds. As a function of the studied extraction methods, the phenolic compound contents were positively correlated with antioxidant activity.
