Environmental Factors Effects on Winter Wheat Competition with Herbicide-Resistant or Susceptible Silky Bentgrass (<i>Apera spica-venti</i> L.) in Poland
Agnieszka Synowiec,
Beata Jop,
Krzysztof Domaradzki,
Cezary Podsiadło,
Dorota Gawęda,
Roman Wacławowicz,
Anna Wenda-Piesik,
Mateusz M. Nowakowski,
Jan Bocianowski,
Katarzyna Marcinkowska,
Tadeusz Praczyk
Affiliations
Agnieszka Synowiec
Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, The University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31120 Krakow, Poland
Beata Jop
Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, The University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31120 Krakow, Poland
Krzysztof Domaradzki
Department of Weed Science and Soil Tillage Systems, Institute of Soil Sciences and Plant Cultivation—State Research Institute, Orzechowa 61, 50540 Wrocław, Poland
Cezary Podsiadło
Department of Agroengineering, The West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Ul. Papieża Pawła VI 3, 71459 Szczecin, Poland
Dorota Gawęda
Department of Herbology and Plant Cultivation Techniques, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20950 Lublin, Poland
Roman Wacławowicz
Institute of Agroecology and Plant Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 50363 Wrocław, Poland
Anna Wenda-Piesik
Department of Agronomics, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Al. Kaliskiego 7, 85796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Mateusz M. Nowakowski
Department of Agronomics, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Al. Kaliskiego 7, 85796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Jan Bocianowski
Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60637 Poznań, Poland
Katarzyna Marcinkowska
Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, ul. Władysława Węgorka 20, 60318 Poznań, Poland
Tadeusz Praczyk
Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, ul. Władysława Węgorka 20, 60318 Poznań, Poland
Environmental factors, including weather and soil conditions, can affect the competitive effects of weeds on crops. This work aimed at a comparison of the competitive abilities of winter wheat toward bentgrass (Apera spica-venti (L.) P. Beauv) with single herbicide resistance, multiple herbicide resistance, or a susceptible biotype in different environmental conditions of Poland. A replacement series competition model was applied in field conditions in 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 across the country. A competitive ratio (CR) was calculated for the relative biomass of plants and grain number. A canonical variate analysis (CVA) was performed for biological parameters and a day-difference in emergence between winter wheat and bentgrass with the hydrothermal coefficient and soil texture in all of the sites in each season separately. Winter wheat emergence was correlated with the amount of precipitation after seeding, and was fastest for five days in humid conditions, and slowest up to 22 days, when the precipitation in October was low. The CVA proved that winter wheat’s competitive effects toward the susceptible or herbicide-resistant biotypes of bentgrass are site-specific. During the dry season, the bentgrass biotype with multiple herbicide resistance was more competitive toward winter wheat than the susceptible one. The wheat CR < 1 with regard to biomass and both biomass and the grain number was in 64% and 50% of all the combinations with the resistant biotype. In conclusion, weather affects the competitive effects of winter wheat toward herbicide-susceptible or resistant bentgrass.
