Techno-Economic Evaluation of Energy Storage Systems Built from EV Batteries – Prospective Revenues in Different Stationary Applications

Abstract

Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are already being deployed for several stationary applications in a technically and economically feasible way. This paper focuses on the revenues of industrial BESSs built from electric vehicle lithiumion batteries with varying states of health. For this analysis, a stationary BESS simulation model is used, that is parameterised with parameters of a 22-kWh automotive battery. The comprehensive model consists of several detailed sub-models, considering battery characteristics, ageing and operating strategies, which allow technical assessment through time series simulation. Therefore, capacity fade and energy losses are considered in this techno-economic evaluation. Potential economically feasible applications of new and second-life batteries, such as photovoltaic home storage, intraday trading and frequency regulation as well as their combined operation are compared. The investigation includes different electricity price scenarios. The combined operation, followed by frequency regulation, is found to have the highest economic viability for the specified electric vehicle battery.