Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities from a Sustainable Source of Okara Protein Hydrolysate Using Enzymatic Reaction
Andriati Ningrum,
Dian Wahyu Wardani,
Nurul Vanidia,
Manikharda,
Achmat Sarifudin,
Rima Kumalasari,
Riyanti Ekafitri,
Dita Kristanti,
Woro Setiaboma,
Heli Siti Helimatul Munawaroh
Affiliations
Andriati Ningrum
Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Dian Wahyu Wardani
Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Nurul Vanidia
Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Manikharda
Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Achmat Sarifudin
Research Centre for Appropriate Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, KS. Tubun Street No. 5, Subang 41213, Indonesia
Rima Kumalasari
Research Centre for Appropriate Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, KS. Tubun Street No. 5, Subang 41213, Indonesia
Riyanti Ekafitri
Research Centre for Appropriate Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, KS. Tubun Street No. 5, Subang 41213, Indonesia
Dita Kristanti
Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jogja-Wonosari Street km 31, 5 Playen, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
Woro Setiaboma
Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jogja-Wonosari Street km 31, 5 Playen, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
Heli Siti Helimatul Munawaroh
Study Program of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Science Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
Okara is a solid byproduct created during the processing of soy milk. The production of protein hydrolysates utilizing enzymatic tests such as papain can result in the production of bioactive peptides (BPs), which are amino acid sequences that can also be produced from the okara protein by hydrolysis. The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activities of okara hydrolysates using papain, based on the in silico and in vitro assays using the papain enzyme. We found that using the in silico assessment, the antioxidant peptides can be found from the precursor (glycinin and conglycinin) in okara. When used as a protease, papain provides the maximum degree of hydrolysis for antioxidative peptides. The highest-peptide-rank peptide sequence was predicted using peptide ranks such as proline–histidine–phenylalanine (PHF), alanine–aspartic acid–phenylalanine (ADF), tyrosine–tyrosine–leucine (YYL), proline–histidine–histidine (PHH), isoleucine–arginine (IR), and serine–valine–leucine (SVL). Molecular docking studies revealed that all peptides generated from the parent protein impeded substrate access to the active site of xanthine oxidase (XO). They have antioxidative properties and are employed in the in silico approach to the XO enzyme. We also use papain to evaluate the antioxidant activity by using in vitro tests for protein hydrolysate following proteolysis. The antioxidant properties of okara protein hydrolysates have been shown in vitro, utilizing DPPH and FRAP experiments. This study suggests that okara hydrolysates generated by papain can be employed as natural antioxidants in food and for further applications, such as active ingredients for antioxidants in packaging.
