Token-Mol 1.0: tokenized drug design with large language models

Abstract

Abstract The integration of large language models (LLMs) into drug design is gaining momentum; however, existing approaches often struggle to effectively incorporate three-dimensional molecular structures. Here, we present Token-Mol, a token-only 3D drug design model that encodes both 2D and 3D structural information, along with molecular properties, into discrete tokens. Built on a transformer decoder and trained with causal masking, Token-Mol introduces a Gaussian cross-entropy loss function tailored for regression tasks, enabling superior performance across multiple downstream applications. The model surpasses existing methods, improving molecular conformation generation by over 10% and 20% across two datasets, while outperforming token-only models by 30% in property prediction. In pocket-based molecular generation, it enhances drug-likeness and synthetic accessibility by approximately 11% and 14%, respectively. Notably, Token-Mol operates 35 times faster than expert diffusion models. In real-world validation, it improves success rates and, when combined with reinforcement learning, further optimizes affinity and drug-likeness, advancing AI-driven drug discovery.