ORAL CANCER: ETIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS. LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

Introduction The heterogeneity of head and neck cancers poses challenges in treatment planning, necessitating a nuanced approach.Materials and methods We have carried out a literature review that highlights the risk factors in the onset of oral and head and neck cancers. We also addressed the therapeutic aspects and the influence of epigenetics.Results In identifying risk factors, our literature research highlights systemic causes such as age, gender, heredity, race, socio-economic status, and immunodeficiency. Local causes, including tobacco and alcohol use, chronic traumas, chronic infections, and the role of viruses, underscore the multifactorial nature of oral cancer etiology. Addressing prevention strategies, our review underscores the potential of probiotics in suppressing oral cancer cell proliferation, with specific strains demonstrating efficacy in reducing mucositis caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Additionally, the role of vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and compounds like curcumin in chemoprevention is explored. The Mediterranean diet emerges as a potential preventive measure, given its association with reduced cancer risk due to its rich content of monounsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and dietary fiber. Conclusions In conclusion, the intricate interplay of various risk factors underscores the multifactorial nature of oral cancer, with systemic and local influences contributing to its onset and progression. Age, gender, heredity, race, socio-economic status, immunodeficiency, and lifestyle choices such as tobacco, alcohol, and poor oral hygiene collectively elevate the risk. Specific chronic infections, the role of viruses, and even certain medications further contribute to the complexity of this disease.

Keywords

• oral cancer
• hpv
• epigenetics
• probiotics