The impact of inorganic salts on the ultrasonic degradation of contaminants: A review

Abstract

This comprehensive review explores the interplay between inorganic salts and ultrasound-assisted degradation of various contaminants. The addition of salt to aqueous matrices has been attributed to increasing contaminant degradation via the salting-out effect. However, research investigating the impact of salt on degradation has yielded inconsistent results. This review incorporated degradation information from 44 studies organizing data according to compound class and ionic strength to analyze the impact of inorganic salts on cavitation bubble dynamics, contaminant behavior, radical species generation, and contaminant degradation. Frequency and salt type were assessed for potential roles in contaminant degradation. The analysis showed that high intensity ultrasound was most beneficial to degradation in salt solutions. Unexpectedly, hydrophilic compounds showed marked enhancement with increasing ionic strength while many hydrophobic compounds did not benefit as greatly. Based on the collected data and analysis, enhanced degradation in the presence of salt appears to be primarily radical-mediated rather than due to the salting-out effect. Finally, the analysis provides guidance for designing sonolytic reactors for contaminant degradation.

Keywords

• Inorganic salts
• Salting-out effect
• Sonolytic reactors
• Mass transfer
• Sonochemical activity
• Radical species