System Biology Approach to Identify the Hub Genes and Pathways Associated with Human H5N1 Infection
Raushan Kumar Chaudhary,
Ananthesh L.,
Prakash Patil,
Uday Venkat Mateti,
Sanjit Sah,
Aroop Mohanty,
Rama S. Rath,
Bijaya Kumar Padhi,
Sumira Malik,
Kadhim Hussein Jassim,
Moustafa A. Al-Shammari,
Yasir Waheed,
Prakasini Satapathy,
Joshuan J. Barboza,
Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales,
Ranjit Sah
Affiliations
Raushan Kumar Chaudhary
Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
Ananthesh L.
Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
Prakash Patil
Central Research Laboratory, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
Uday Venkat Mateti
Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
Sanjit Sah
Global Consortium for Public Health and Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha 442001, India
Aroop Mohanty
Department of Clinical Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur 273008, India
Rama S. Rath
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur 273008, India
Bijaya Kumar Padhi
Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
Sumira Malik
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi 834001, Jharkhand, India
Kadhim Hussein Jassim
Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah 51001, Babylon, Iraq
Moustafa A. Al-Shammari
Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah 51001, Babylon, Iraq
Yasir Waheed
Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
Prakasini Satapathy
Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
Joshuan J. Barboza
Escuela de Medicina, Universidad César Vallejo, Trujillo 13007, Peru
Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
Ranjit Sah
Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
Introduction: H5N1 is a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus that can infect humans and has an estimated fatality rate of 53%. As shown by the current situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, emerging and re-emerging viruses such as H5N1 have the potential to cause another pandemic. Thus, this study outlined the hub genes and pathways associated with H5N1 infection in humans. Methods: The genes associated with H5N1 infection in humans were retrieved from the NCBI Gene database using “H5N1 virus infection” as the keyword. The genes obtained were investigated for protein–protein interaction (PPI) using STRING version 11.5 and studied for functional enrichment analysis using DAVID 2021. Further, the PPI network was visualised and analysed using Cytoscape 3.7.2, and the hub genes were obtained using the local topological analysis method of the cytoHubba plugin. Results: A total of 39 genes associated with H5N1 infection in humans significantly interacted with each other, forming a PPI network with 38 nodes and 149 edges modulating 74 KEGG pathways, 76 biological processes, 13 cellular components, and 22 molecular functions. Further, the PPI network analysis revealed that 33 nodes interacted, forming 1056 shortest paths at 0.282 network density, along with a 1.947 characteristic path length. The local topological analysis predicted IFNA1, IRF3, CXCL8, CXCL10, IFNB1, and CHUK as the critical hub genes in human H5N1 infection. Conclusion: The hub genes associated with the H5N1 infection and their pathways could serve as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets for H5N1 infection among humans.
