<i>Abelmoschus eculentus</i> Seed Extract Exhibits In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Alzheimer’s Potential Supported by Metabolomic and Computational Investigation
Hussain T. Bakhsh,
Fatma A. Mokhtar,
Abeer H. Elmaidomy,
Hanan F. Aly,
Eman A. Younis,
Mubarak A. Alzubaidi,
Faisal H. Altemani,
Naseh A. Algehainy,
Mohammed Ali A. Majrashi,
Faisal Alsenani,
Gerhard Bringmann,
Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen,
Omnia Hesham Abdelhafez
Affiliations
Hussain T. Bakhsh
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Fatma A. Mokhtar
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University, El Saleheya El Gadida, Sharkia 44813, Egypt
Abeer H. Elmaidomy
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
Hanan F. Aly
Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre (NRC), El-Bouth St., Cairo 12622, Egypt
Eman A. Younis
Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre (NRC), El-Bouth St., Cairo 12622, Egypt
Mubarak A. Alzubaidi
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Faisal H. Altemani
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
Naseh A. Algehainy
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Ali A. Majrashi
Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23890, Saudi Arabia
Faisal Alsenani
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
Gerhard Bringmann
Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
Omnia Hesham Abdelhafez
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, 7 Universities Zone, New Minia 61111, Egypt
Abelmoschus esculentus Linn. (okra, F. Malvaceae) is a fruit widely consumed all over the world. In our study, the anti-Alzheimer’s potential of A. esculentus was evaluated. An in vitro DPPH free radical assay on A. esculentus seed’s total extract and AChE inhibition potential screening indicated a significant anti-Alzheimer’s activity of the extract, which was confirmed through an in vivo study in an aluminum-intoxicated rat model. Additionally, in vivo results demonstrated significant improvement in Alzheimer’s rats, which was confirmed by improving T-maze, beam balance tests, lower serum levels of AChE, norepinephrine, glycated end products, IL-6, and MDA. The levels of dopamine, BDNF, GSH, and TAC returned to normal values during the study. Moreover, histological investigations of brain tissue revealed that the destruction in collagen fiber nearly returns back to the normal pattern. Metabolomic analysis of the ethanolic extract of A. esculentus seeds via LC–HR-ESI-MS dereplicated ten compounds. A network pharmacology study displayed the relation between identified compounds and 136 genes, among which 84 genes related to Alzheimer’s disorders, and focused on AChE, APP, BACE1, MAPT and TNF genes with interactions to all Alzheimer’s disorders. Consequently, the results revealed in our study grant potential dietary elements for the management of Alzheimer’s disorders.
