Low renin forms of monogenic hypertension: review of the evidence

Abstract

Background: Monogenic hypertension syndromes result from a single genetic mutation and present with severe, refractory hypertension, distinct laboratory abnormalities, and a positive family history. These syndromes are often unrecognized or misdiagnosed as essential hypertension, thus preventing proper treatment. The rise of molecular genetics has brought these conditions to the limelight, and physicians must be kept abreast of the latest in this field. This paper aims to educate doctors to recognize and institute appropriate management early to prevent end-organ damage. Discussion: These syndromes all affect sodium transport in the distal nephron of the kidneys. However, they are divided based on the location of the primary disorder, i.e., the adrenal glands or the distal nephron and discussed in that manner. Tables provide an overview of the different syndromes and provide essential information in a snapshot. Conclusion: The widespread availability of genetic testing facilities will aid in the earlier diagnosis of these conditions to prevent morbidity.

Keywords

• Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess
• Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
• Familial Hyperaldosteronism
• Gordon Syndrome
• Hypertension
• Liddle Syndrome