Salivary profile of matrix metalloproteinase-8, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-1, myeloperoxidase, and nitrous oxide in smokers versus nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis

Abstract

Background: Smoking is the second strongest modifiable risk factor for periodontal disease. Tissue destruction might result from matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)/tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP) imbalance in the diseased tissues. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase are stored in and secreted from the primary granules of activated leukocytes which can migrate to the site of inflammation and release MMPs. Periodontal diseases are associated with systemic diseases and enhanced circulatory levels of MMPs and their regulators may form a link between the local and systemic conditions, but no definitive correlation has been established between them yet. Methods: Seventy-five males were divided into three groups: Group I – 25 healthy controls, Group II – 25 nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis (CP), and Group III – 25 smokers with CP. Saliva was collected from all the patients, and levels of MMP-8, TIMP-1, MPO, and NO were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results: TIMP-1 values were found to be significantly higher in nonsmokers with periodontitis than smokers with periodontitis (P < 0.01). Levels of MPO, MMP-8, and NO were significantly less in smokers with periodontitis than nonsmokers with periodontitis (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings of elevated levels of MMP-8, MPO, and NO and reduced levels of TIMP-1 in smokers with periodontitis when compared to nonsmokers with periodontitis may be regarded as an indicator of the increased risk for local and systemic inflammation and of cigarette smoke oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.

Keywords

• matrix metalloproteinase-8
• myeloperoxidase
• nitrous oxide
• periodontitis
• tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-1