The Mechanistic Action of Biosynthesised Silver Nanoparticles and Its Application in Aquaculture and Livestock Industries
Catrenar De Silva,
Norazah Mohammad Nawawi,
Murni Marlina Abd Karim,
Shafinaz Abd Gani,
Mas Jaffri Masarudin,
Baskaran Gunasekaran,
Siti Aqlima Ahmad
Affiliations
Catrenar De Silva
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Norazah Mohammad Nawawi
Institute of Bio-IT Selangor, Universiti Selangor, Jalan Zirkon A7/A, Seksyen 7, Shah Alam 40000, Selangor, Malaysia
Murni Marlina Abd Karim
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Shafinaz Abd Gani
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Mas Jaffri Masarudin
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Baskaran Gunasekaran
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Taman Connaught, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
Siti Aqlima Ahmad
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing field due to the emergence of various resistant pathogens and the failure of commercial methods of treatment. AgNPs have emerged as one of the best nanotechnology metal nanoparticles due to their large surface-to-volume ratio and success and efficiency in combating various pathogens over the years, with the biological method of synthesis being the most effective and environmentally friendly method. The primary mode of action of AgNPs against pathogens are via their cytotoxicity, which is influenced by the size and shape of the nanoparticles. The cytotoxicity of the AgNPs gives rise to various theorized mechanisms of action of AgNPs against pathogens such as activation of reactive oxygen species, attachment to cellular membranes, intracellular damage and inducing the viable but non-culturable state (VBNC) of pathogens. This review will be centred on the various theorized mechanisms of actions and its application in the aquaculture, livestock and poultry industries. The application of AgNPs in aquaculture is focused around water treatment, disease control and aquatic nutrition, and in the livestock application it is focused on livestock and poultry.
